Nurse Prescribing free essay sample

According to Luker et al (1997), in 1985 the Royal College of Nursing (RCN) made a case for the prescribing rights for nurse. The Cumberledge Report (1986) acknowledged that the government recognised that nurses should be eligible to prescribe. Nurse prescribing has an important contribution to make in the service to patients and clients and the advantages were acknowledged in the Crown Report 1 (1989). Thomas (2000) informs us that in this review, it recommended that nurses with either a Health Visitor or a District Nurse qualification should be allowed to prescribe from a limited nurses prescribers’ formulary (NPF). In 1999 following a review of prescribing, it was suggested that prescribing right extend to include other groups of nurses and healthcare professionals (Crown Report 2 1999). The government endorses this in the National Health Service Plan (NHS) (2000). With reference to clinical practice, a referral was received from the GP to assess a patient whom he had seen at home and had diagnosed a chest infection and prescribed antibiotics. We will write a custom essay sample on Nurse Prescribing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Whilst assessing the patient Katherine, she complained that she had tenderness in the sacral area. On examination the GP found she was suffering with a sacral pressure sore, but she was unsure of how long she had the pressure sore for. Katherine is a seventy two year old lady who lives with her husband and prior to feeling unwell had been fairly fit. Unfortunately a constant cough meant that her sleep was disturbed, so she had taken to resting in bed for long periods of time. Due to increased production of phlegm Katherine’s appetite had been reduced eating only minimal amounts of food. Nutritional supplement drinks had been prescribed by her GP. European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel (EPUAP) (2005) advice nutritional intervention through supplements should be considered where it is not possible to enhance the patient’s own consumption of food and fluids. The importance of increased fluid intake and nutritional input were discussed, informing Katherine that due to having a exuding wound it was essential to replace the loss of fluid and proteins to ensure effective wound healing. Following a holistic assessment of Katherine which took into account her physical, psychological and social needs, it was found that she suffered with osteoarthritis and due to staying in bed this condition was exacerbated. Osteoarthritis is a fairly common complaint that affects joints making them painful, in Katherine’s case her knees and hips were affected. (Medinfo 2004) As for most part the best treatment is keeping mobile, as Katherine had been in bed for a number of days she was now suffering with increased pain. Normally Katherine would only suffer with a mild ache, which did not interfere in her usual activities of daily living. Following liaison with her GP, he decided to prescribe paracetamol and capsican topical cream to apply to her affected joints, which would be appropriate at this time. She normally takes paracetamol one gram when required but her GP advised her to take the same amount four to six hourly. Katherine is not on any other medication. It is acknowledged that the effects of a wound can impinge upon a patient’s psychological, social health and body image (Bentley 2001). A pressure sore is defined by EPUAP (2005) as â€Å"an area of localised damage to the skin and underlying tissue caused by pressure, shear, friction and or a combination of these. † It is essential that a baseline holistic nursing assessment be undertaken to identify actual and potential problems. According to the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) (2003) risk assessment should be undertaken by appropriately trained personnel and the use of risk assessment tools should only be used as an â€Å"aide memoir† (page 5) and not replace clinical judgement. To assess Katherine’s risk the Waterlow Pressure Sore Prevention Policy (1995) was used. It was found her risk assessment score was 13 that, due to her age, acute illness, nutritional status and reduction in mobility put her at risk of further deterioration if no intervention was established. It was decided that in order to minimise the pressure in Katherine’s sacral area and other bony prominences such as the heels and elbows, a pressure-relieving mattress and cushion were needed. Further advice on the importance of moving around in bed was discussed with Katherine. The information leaflet produced by NICE (2003) giving advice, to patients and carers on pressure relief was given to Katherine to enhance the verbal information. A full assessment of the wound should be carried out prior to selection of dressings. Any allergies should also be noted. The wound should be traced, photographed and measured providing data for comparison throughout the treatment. Consent should be gained prior to photographing the wound and the patient should not be identifiable from the photograph (Benbow 2004). All information should be documented in patients’ records, using the wound assessment tool. The pressure sore was identified as grade two which according to EPUAP (2005) is a partial thickness skin loss and presents as either an abrasion, blister or in this case a shallow crater. On further examination it was found to have 65% slough present, 35% granulating tissue evident and was exuding moderate amounts of exudate. The surrounding skin was reddened but no signs of maceration. The pressure ulcer measured 6cm by 7cm and was 1. 5 cm deep. It was decided a dressing was required to provide a moist, warm environment to promote healing. Most modern wound care products are designed to provide these conditions but according to the National Prescribing Centre (NPC) (1999a) choice of dressing should based on the most effective dressing for the patient but also consider cost-effectiveness. According to the NPC (1999b) writing prescriptions has an effect on the patient, the prescriber and the NHS. The process can sometimes be intricate and it is therefore important to consider all aspects before deciding to prescribe or not. The prescriber should feel fully competent when prescribing and to enable effective prescribing the use of the prescribing pyramid (NPC 1999b) is endorsed. It advises of a seven-principle approach to help appropriate prescribing, with each step needing careful consideration before the next is reached. The first step considers the holistic needs of the patient, with the patient’s medical and social history firstly being assessed. Factors surrounding age are important. Older people are often on multiple medications therefore; prescriber needs to be aware of contraindications before prescribing. Holistic assessment can establish whether a prescription is actually necessary or could alternative treatment be considered enabling the prescriber to make fully informed decisions. It is also important to be aware if the patient is taking any over the counter medication as they too could have detrimental effects on what the nurse is prescribing. A simple linctus was bought for Katherine but was found to have no effect on the prescription for the wound. (Nurse Prescribers’ Formulary (NPF) 2003-2005) Katherine was taking the antibiotics for her chest infection prescribed by her GP, but she had not bought anything for her pressure sore. The second step considers the appropriate strategy, which in this case was found to be a prescription for wound dressings, in order to commence the healing of the pressure sore. Initially a wound dressing from the first dressing pack would be used, prior to prescription being collected. The third step of the prescribing pyramid (NPC 1999b) is the consideration of which product to prescribe. It looks at the effectiveness and suitability of the product whilst considering the safety and cost-effectiveness. (NPC 1999b) It was decided that an alginate would be most effective; these are indicated for moist sloughy wounds with moderate to heavy exudate, which are used in the management of pressure sores and cavity wounds. Benbow 2004) According to NPC (1999a) â€Å"alginates act via an ion exchange mechanism, absorbing serous fluid or exudate that forms a hydrophilic gel and conforms to the shape of the wound† (page 2). Alginates have also been found to be significantly easier to remove and caused less pain at dressing change. (Hollinworth and Collier 2000) Although if the exudate reduces an alginate could possibly dry, so a change in treatment would become appropriate, possibly the use of a hydrocolloid dressing such as Aquacel. (Benbow 2004) Alginates are found to be more absorbent than hydrocolloid dressings. A prescription for Sorbsan 10cm x 10cm along with a secondary dressing Allevyn Adhesive 12. 5cm x 12. 5cm and non-woven fabric swabs to clean the wound, was issued. (NPF 2003-2005) Initially Seasorb was considered but was found to be more expensive than Sorbsan. Alginate dressings can be changed every 2 – 7 days, depending on the wound requirements. Changing the outer dressing further depends on the need of the wound, such as how effective it is in containing the exudate. Allevyn adhesive is a hydrocellular outer dressing in which exudate is absorbed into its cells. Williams and Young 1996) In addition to choosing suitable products the dose, formulation and the duration of the treatment should be considered for each individual patient. Any contraindications were taken into account. (NPC 1999b) The prescription was for a box of 10 on each product, allowing reassessment of effectiveness of the product without over prescribing. According to NPC (1999b) the nurse prescriber should provide one months’ treatment or a shorter duration if indicated. The fourth step of the prescribing pyramid considers the negotiation and concordance with the patient. Prescribing situations can be considered as a contract between the patient and the prescriber, this being known as concordance. This is viewed as more of a positive step as it allows the patient to be central to any decision making which results in less non-compliance. (NPC 1999b) Ethical issues surrounding prescribing should be addressed, as it can be considered negligent not to inform patients regarding proposed treatment. (Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) 2002) This considers the patients’ understanding of what the treatment is for and any possible side effects. The treatment was discussed with Katherine, giving her an informed choice, visits were negotiated and storage of the wound products, in a dry area away from direct sunlight, was also discussed. Contact numbers for the District Nursing Service were given to Katherine on an information leaflet, in case she had any problems, such as exudate leaking around the dressing. The fifth step discusses the importance of regular reviewing of the patient to establish whether the treatment is safe, effective and suitable. It should be noted on the wound assessment if the dressing is to be changed by a qualified nurse or any team member, especially if the wound is fragile or complex in nature. The dressing would be changed every three days and the appropriateness of it would be reviewed at each visit. The dressing needs to be appropriate to use in the community otherwise visits will need increasing. Any side effects such as maceration around the wound would be observed. If maceration became a problem a skin barrier such as Cavilon 1ml applicator (NPF 2003-2005) would be prescribed to protect the wound edges and surrounding skin. Sowerby (1998) reports that no more than six repeat prescriptions should be issued without the prescriber themselves reviewing the patient. According to the NMC (2002) proficient record keeping is crucial in protecting the well being of patients. In step six record keeping is examined. Details of the nurses’ prescription should be recorded in the patients’ records and a copy should be given to the GP as per local policy. (NPC 1999b) It is not professionally appropriate or acceptable to rely on the patient regarding previous prescribed items or any previous reactions that may of occurred. The accurate recording enables all professionals to access the information required thus ensuring continuity of care and will avoid negligence in a prescribing situation. (Preece 2002) The final step of the prescribing pyramid (NPC 1999b) discusses reflection, which helps nurses to improve their prescribing knowledge and practice through using reflection when making prescribing decisions. Lowe and Hurst (2002) suggest that as more practitioners are able to prescribe, a more critical approach will be needed and assisted through reflection. From the issues raised within this assignment it is clear that prescribing is a complex and intricate issue. Whilst reflecting on practice it could be argued that the care for Katherine was holistically assessed, health promotion and concordance being considered important attributes to ensure quality of care. The prescribing of wound products seemed applicable, cost-effective and safe whilst proving successful. Nurse prescribing is a fairly new initiative but one which is developing to meet the current climate of changing health care needs of the population.

Free Essays on The Rise And Fall Of The Napoleonic Empire

The Rise and Fall of the Napoleonic Empire Napoleon was born on an island that, for most of recorded time, has been in a fight for independence with one ruling power or another, weather it be Genoa or France, no matter. Corsica, in 1769, was the birth place of Napoleon Bonaparte. Not born of noble blood, Napoleon could did not have the privilege of one day being able to attain a leadership role in the French army. This did not deter him though; he received training in French military schools, being described as arrogant and ambitious. In 1795, poor, and unknown, he arrived in Paris, and began mixing with high society, yearning to join their privileged class. At this stage in his life, the world would be changed forever. During the French revolution, Napoleon’s, along with many others’, life change forever, along with it, world history. The French Revolution opened up a military career path for him, while at the same time, leadership positions needed to be filled, due to the fact generals had defected thr oughout the military to the opposite side. He did not pass up the opportunity. In 1795, the Directory, the ruling body in Paris, asked him to put down a rebellion within the city. He did so with stunning success, and impressed many in power. This was just the beginning. Napoleon’s political career began with a simple word, publicity. During his Italian campaign of 1796, and Egyptian campaign of 1798, the goal of both being to further the wealth and influence of France while wreaking havoc for other imperialist powers of the day, he did a very smart thing, he encouraged journalists to come and write about him. The writers accepted the invitation, and publicized him throughout Paris and all of France as a hero. This was a large boost to his popularity with the public, and a huge success politically. Napoleon’s name was common place in discussions of everyone, most importantly, the masses. Throughout his campai... Free Essays on The Rise And Fall Of The Napoleonic Empire Free Essays on The Rise And Fall Of The Napoleonic Empire The Rise and Fall of the Napoleonic Empire Napoleon was born on an island that, for most of recorded time, has been in a fight for independence with one ruling power or another, weather it be Genoa or France, no matter. Corsica, in 1769, was the birth place of Napoleon Bonaparte. Not born of noble blood, Napoleon could did not have the privilege of one day being able to attain a leadership role in the French army. This did not deter him though; he received training in French military schools, being described as arrogant and ambitious. In 1795, poor, and unknown, he arrived in Paris, and began mixing with high society, yearning to join their privileged class. At this stage in his life, the world would be changed forever. During the French revolution, Napoleon’s, along with many others’, life change forever, along with it, world history. The French Revolution opened up a military career path for him, while at the same time, leadership positions needed to be filled, due to the fact generals had defected thr oughout the military to the opposite side. He did not pass up the opportunity. In 1795, the Directory, the ruling body in Paris, asked him to put down a rebellion within the city. He did so with stunning success, and impressed many in power. This was just the beginning. Napoleon’s political career began with a simple word, publicity. During his Italian campaign of 1796, and Egyptian campaign of 1798, the goal of both being to further the wealth and influence of France while wreaking havoc for other imperialist powers of the day, he did a very smart thing, he encouraged journalists to come and write about him. The writers accepted the invitation, and publicized him throughout Paris and all of France as a hero. This was a large boost to his popularity with the public, and a huge success politically. Napoleon’s name was common place in discussions of everyone, most importantly, the masses. Throughout his campai...

Your College Application in 650 Words or Less

Your College Application in 650 Words or Less Last August, Sarah Vander Schaaff interviewed me about working with college students on their application essays. Here is her article, edited for The Essay Expert and updated for 2015-16! In 650 words or less, describe a place or environment where you are perfectly content. What do you do or experience there and why is it meaningful? Or In 650 words or less, recount an incident or time when you experienced failure. How did it affect you, and what lessons did you learn? Or In 650 words or less, discuss an accomplishment or event, formal or informal, that marked your transition from childhood to adulthood within your culture, community, or family. You are now sitting in the shoes of a high school senior, thank you very much. These questions are a few of the prompts on the 2015-16 Common Application for college. They are slightly changed from last years’ says Brenda Bernstein, the professional resume writer, personal statement coach, and business copywriter behind the Essay Expert, and for some students facing the questions, answering them is hardly simple. â€Å"High school students don’t all have life coaches standing by,† Brenda told me when I spoke to her on the phone this summer. â€Å"They don’t step back and reflect on their lives.† Sometime between August and five days before applications are due, Brenda gets a call for help. If the student has already written an essay, she takes a look at it and determines the level of help it might need–anything from some minor fixes to  an overhaul.  And it’s here when Brenda goes back to the basic creed that good writing requires good thinking. â€Å"By the end of the first conversation they have an outline for a new essay and new thoughts. I have the students tell me what they see as the way the essay is going to go.† Bernstein says students struggle when they â€Å"†¦ know stuff that happened in their lives and they’ve drawn broad conclusions or they have conclusions that they think they should draw.† Parents divorcing, for example, is a major life event that sometimes deserves a deeper look. â€Å"They know they got a lesson from it,† she said. But the true lesson is not always the one they initially thought. Bernstein says she got an early start thinking about college applications. Her father interviewed applicants for Yale as part of the school’s alumni committee. Later, he’d let her read the interview reports. â€Å"I would read a lot of them,† she said. While at Yale herself, friends applying to graduate schools often asked her to edit their essays. Later, while working as a public interest lawyer in New York, she started posting flyers offering her editing services. And in a move that would make a pretty good essay itself, she decided she didn’t want to practice law, sought advice from an astrologer, and moved to Madison, Wisconsin where she still lives seven years later. Her site offers help not only for students, but also for professionals seeking a better resume or LinkedIn profile. The Essay Expert’s essay consultations range in price from $697 for Common Application essay help to $247 for a personal statement review- far less than some boot camps described in The New York Times that cost $14,000 for 4 days. Essays, Bernstein says, are 6th on a list of 10 criteria colleges look at for admissions. â€Å"If students can’t write this type of essay without help, should they get into the college?† I asked Bernstein. She said pretty much all students get help, whether that’s from a parent, a teacher, or a paid professional (26 percent employing the latter). In school, students also have access to writing help if they need it. â€Å"A smart student- and professional- will get input and support on every important piece of writing they submit, especially when so much is riding on it. What’s important is that they write it in their own voice.† Furthermore, explains Bernstein, â€Å"I find that as they work with me they become much better writers.† Part of what she teaches them, she added, was to look at what about their lives and experiences fit together as a story. What The Essay Expert is doing appears to be the counterpoint to the technique explained by Frank Bruni in his June opinion piece in The New York Times, Naked Confessions of the College-Bound: Oversharing in Admissions Essays. Bruni tells of one Yale applicant’s essay.  A highly qualified student wanted to highlight her complete absorption with French and her teacher, â€Å"she described their one-on-one conversation at the end of a school day. And then, this detail: During their talk, when an urge to go to the bathroom could no longer be denied, she decided not to interrupt the teacher or exit the room. She simply urinated on herself.† Bruni cites similar examples, and quotes author Sally Rubenstone, who calls this type of behavior, â€Å"†¦the Jerry Springer-ization of the college admissions essay.† Coaches like Bernstein can help rein in the conflicting messages our children receive when they mistake the shock-factor for good writing. But the real work for these essays begins long before the fall of senior year. As parents, we need to give our children moments to reflect on their own lives, and genuine experiences to mull about as individuals without the constant pressure to document every minute of it. When I taught public speaking, I asked students to give a biographical speech touching on three major aspects of their lives. Many talked about a sport, or a hobby, or a pet. But almost all included this as part of those three defining elements of biography: a family tradition. The next time you fret about not giving your kid every opportunity to fill his or her resume, think about what it takes to be able to reflect on one’s own life. As the Essay Expert asks, â€Å"How well did you know yourself at the end of high school?†

The Bird Flu in the United Kingdom Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Bird Flu in the United Kingdom - Essay Example Sturcke and Batty (2006) report stated that as many as 46 countries have recorded bird flu cases in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas. Aside from being a health risk, the bird flu is also a massive economic threat. Freeman (2005) stated that "the UK has about 120 million poultry, including chickens, turkeys, ducks and geese, worth 1.3 billion a year. About 25 per cent of the egg-laying flock are kept outdoors and about 10 per cent of chickens raised for meat are free-range." (Sturcke, J. & Batty, D., 2006. Q&A: Bird flu [online], The Guardian, 27 April, viewed 14 May, 2006, http://www.guardian.co.uk/birdflu/story/0,,1591620,00.html) Boseley and Watt (2005) reported that after a meeting of EU veterinarians on the problem of bird flu, the British Veterinary Association's President stated that bird flu is inevitably going to arrive in the UK[and] there is a small but real danger that migrating wild birds could bring us a highly dangerous strain of the virus. (Boseley, S. & Watt, N., 2005. Vets say arrival of bird flu in UK is inevitable [online], The Guardian, 26 August, viewed 14 May, 2006, http://www.guardian.co.uk/birdflu/story/0,14207,1556846,00.html) In a 2006 report, Sturcke and Batty stated incidents of the bird flu virus in the United Kingdom. A dead swan was found in Cellardyke and a parrot died in an Essex quarantine zone. Both incidents occurred in 2005, and both birds were found to have died from the H5N1 virus. In a farm west of Norwich, a number of chickens were found to have tested positive of the less deadly H7 strain of bird flu, which also infects humans. (Sturcke, J. & Batty, D., 2006. Q&A: Bird flu [online], The Guardian, 27 April, viewed 14 May, 2006, http://www.guardian.co.uk/birdflu/story/0,,1591620,00.html ) Needless to say, the alarm and threat of a widespread bird flu infection has prompted the UK government to take various measures in an attempt to prevent such a pandemic. BBC News (2006) reported that one such step was the UK's ban on imports of live chickens from Croatia, Turkey, Romania, Russia, Kazakhstan, Thailand, Cambodia, China, Hong Kong, Laos, Indonesia, Vietnam, Pakistan, Malaysia, South Africa, and North Korea, where bird flu outbreaks have occurred. (BBC News, 2006. Britain's bird flu preparations [online]. viewed 14 May, 2006, .) The finding of dead swans in Fife and in Scotland prompted government to create a huge exclusion zone to prevent any further spread of the bird flu virus. Henderson, Macleod and English (2006) reported that a 1,000 square mile exclusion zone was set up, stretching from the Forth Road Bridge, north of Edinburgh, to Stonehaven in the north east and Perth in the north west. It greatly expands the 3km (1.8 mile) radius protection zone and 10km (6.2 mile) surveillance zone established around Cellardyke. (Henderson, M., Macleod, A., & English, S., 2006. 1,000 sq mile exclusion zone set up to combat risk of virus spreading [online], The Times, 07 April, viewed 14 May, 2006, http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,25149-2122749,00.html) Within that exclusion zone, there are found around 3.1 million domestic birds kept on about 175 poultry farms and would require that owners of 48 free-range farms will have to bring their

Business in context 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business in context 2 - Essay Example most 90,000 workers in the year 2007 and according to Challenger Gray and Christmas, plant closures by Ford and General Motors will ripple through the economy possibly resulting in more job cuts in the coming year. (www.allbusiness.com) The world economic crisis has hit the car industry with real intensity forcing the major car companies to adopt strategies of short time working, redundancies or closures. (www.fifthinternational.org) The automotive sector is one of the largest and most multinational of all industries which is the key indicator for economic growth in regard to GDP of many countries. The car industry is important in view of its employee strength, its contribution to countries development, assets and total sales which can be known from the fact that in the year 1999, four of the top ten companies in the world included General Motors, Ford, Toyota, and Chrysler.(www.eurofound.europa.eu) The Koontz, H and Weihrich, H. (2006) stated that car industry may be indicative of how many industries become globalized making it difficult to predict the future. It is further stated that countries such as China and India will be the drivers not only of economic growth in general and car industry in particular. The Economic Intelligence Unit had predicted that 40% of the car sales will be in Asia by 2020. Jian Suan (2006) stated that in early 2000s China was a dream market for many multinational auto companies with only 24 cars per 1000 residents as compared to 700 cars per 1000 residents in United States and worldwide average of 120 cars, the China market was widely regarded as the largest growth opportunity. China reported an increase of 6% in global auto market from 4% in the year 2001 to 10% in ranked equally with Japan which reported a decrease of 1%. Carlos Gomes (2010) reported that global car sales continued to gain momentum with more than double of sales taking place in China, the world’s largest auto market. The auto sales in United States too reported

Norman Conquest 1066 Essay Example for Free

Norman Conquest 1066 Essay King Edward had taken a vow of chastity, so upon his death in 1066 there was lack of a clear heir to the throne. There were 3 contenders: * William of Normandy – nephew of Edward, claimed that Edward promised him the throne and that Harold II of had sworn agreement to this. * Harold II – riches and powerful of the English aristocracy. * Harald III of Norway – based on previous agreement between Magnus of Norway and the earlier Danish King, where if either died without a heir to their throne, the other would inherit England and Norway. Harold II was immediately elected as King by the pro-Saxon Witan as they feared there could be invasions from abroad. Harald III of Norway invaded Harold II in the Battle of Stamford Bridge(28th September 1066). Harold II won but lost many in battle. Just days later, William of Normandy invaded Harold II in the Battle of Hastings (14th October 1066). Here Harold II died in battle with an arrow through his eye, leaving the throne to William of Normandy. William became King in 1066 and the Norman Conquest left the Saxons conquered by the Normans. * Prior to the conquest, all law was written and spoken in English, whilst after the conquest law was to be written in Latin and occasionally French. Slowly English returned to the courts, but many French and Latin terms were adopted. Hence why today, the English language is closer to French/Latin that Old English. * Stronger central government – courts of the King began to take many of the functions that were traditionally used by the hundred moots and shire moots. Legal recordings were taken much more seriously with legal practices being written down and recorded in the Doomsday book. * Feudalism/land ownership – King became the ultimate ruler of all land in England (Crown owned all land). Anyone who owned land, owed their allegiance to the King and if you weren’t loyal to the King, he could take away your land. If you owned land, you really just owned a title to that land which the King lends you. Today Crown still owns all land. * Trial by Battle was introduced – women, King, elderly, could choose a warrior to fight for them. If the warrior was still standing when the stars came out it was seen as not guilty. It rested on the assumption that a divine power would intervene and whoevers case was just would triumph. Over time, people became skeptical and it was abolished. Norman conquest is seen as the traditional starting point of English Common Law. It ensured that both common law and civil law systems remained. NZ uses this common law system that William retained from Harold. Today in NZ we still buy land in ‘fee simple’ to the Crown. Our legal system still contains some the Latin and French words that were adopted after the Norman Conquest. Magna Carta 1215 King John was not a popular king as he treated his people very poorly, he was seen as a tyrant. He also caused serious arguments amongst Pope Innocent III and the English Barons. Pope Innocent III wanted Stephen Langton as Archbishop of Canterbury but John wanted John De Grey. As John would not accept Langton, the Pope placed England under interdict (suspends all religious life) and declares John’s kingdom forfeit and encourages King Phillip of France to invade. John eventually accepts Langton and surrenders the kingdom back to the Pope and receives it back as a fiefdom. King John is now under the Pope in hierarchy. King John was also unsuccessful in battle, having lost land back to France. This meant less money flowing into England, so John started taxing people of England. It had always been customary that the King consult with the Barons before raising taxes. The Barons agreed to make war on King John if he didn’t sign a charter affirming the rights of the Barons. After attempting to break up the Barons from bribery, John eventually signs. The Magna Carta included promises to protect freedom and rights of the church and to consult with the Barons more closely on taxes, and to guarantee certain rights to all free men. Immediately after this, John asks the Pope to declare Magna Carta null and void. The Barons encourage Prince Louis of France to invade. King John suddenly dies of dysentery, and Henry III becomes King. Every new king from then on will reissue/sign the Magna Carta. So much of the common law was based upon the Magna Carta that is was seen as one of the constitutional documents of England. Courts began citing Magna Carta to support principles and concepts that did not exist when it was created. It influenced the content of other documents that protect people’s rights such as America’s Bill of Rights, and NZ’s. It was the first document in English history that limited the power of the monarch. Until then there was the belief that the Monarch could do whatever they pleased. This established the rule that no one is higher than the law. It marked that power was being shared by more people. The Magna Carta also stated that a council of 25 Barons would be created to advise the King which some people argue is the start of Parliament in common law. Petition of Right 1628 King Charles upset Parliament during his reign from 1625 – 1649. He married a Roman Catholic called Henrietta, protected anti-protestant writers and sought to wage was in Europe on behalf of his Roman Catholic in-laws. It looked like he was favouring Roman Catholics and letting them into the monarchy. When Parliament refused to give Charles the money he needed to fight a battle in Europe, he started taxing the people of England without the consent of he Parliament. This went against a principle established nearly 300 years ago. Parliament responded by issuing the Petition of Right in 1628. It outlined the abuses the King had committed and formally requested that the King rectify his abuses. The Petition of Right was just a soft, light not harsh piece of legislation. Just a set of rules that the King was meant to follow. Charles essentially ignored the Petition of Right and ruled without a Parliament from 1629-1640. This led to the English Civil War where Charles eventually lost and was executed by Parliament. The Monarchy was abolished until 1660. Ruled without Parliament for eleven years. Along with the Magna Carta, the Petition of Right are the constitutional foundational documents of England. The Petition of Right and most important aspects of the English Bill of Rights are still part of NZ law and is still in force today. English Civil War After the Petition or Right was issued to King Charles in 1628, he dissolved Parliament in 1629 and refused to call it for eleven years. But in 1640 he needed money again to ward of the threat of a takeover from Scotland so he reconvened Parliament to ask for the funds. Parliament only agreed to give Charles the funds if he agreed to discuss the abuses that had occurred during his reign as ruler by himself. Parliament took in Henrietta (Charles’ Roman Catholic wife) for questioning under the fear that Roman Catholicism was creeping into power. In retaliation Charles stormed an armed sitting of Parliament with his own army and the English Civil War ensued between the Monarchists and Parliamentarians. Charles was defeated as King in 1645 and escaped to the Island of Whit. He was recaptured in 1647 and sent to permanent exile. The House of Commons passed a special statute that created a special court to trial King Charles for treason. Charles was executed in 1649, being the first and only monarch to be executed which was revolutionary. It showed that Power was shifting upwards and showed that everyone is subject to the law – even the King. Another main consequence was the Parliament was now supreme with a shift in power from the Monarchy to Parliament. This allowed for the responsibility of law making and then came Prime Ministers. Glorious Revolution 1688 King Charles II had no legitimate children, so when he died his brother James became King King James II. King James II did a number of things that upset Parliament, reminding them of King Charles I (Petition of Right and Civil War). He was a Roman Catholic and baptized his son as a Roman Catholic. He gave Catholics a number of prominent jobs in Government. He proclaimed religious freedom for non-Anglicans and suspended Parliament when it criticized him on the above topics. Members of the House of Lords invited Dutch nobleman William of Orange to invade and become new king. William of Orange was married to James II daughter Mary, so they could argue that the throne was staying in the family. William easily defeated James who fled to France. Parliament declared that James had abdicated the throne and it was vacant. In 1689, Parliament appointed William and Mary as joint sovereigns and issued the Bill of Rights. Consequences - Bill of Rights 1689 In the Bill of Rights, Parliament makes the appointment of William and Mary as joint sovereigns conditional on the following principles; Without Parliament, the sovereign cannot suspend or create laws, make new courts, impose new taxes, create or maintain an army in peacetime etc. Along with Magna Carta and Petition of Right, the Bill of Right is a constitutional document for the English legal system. About 100 years after the English Bill of Rights was drawn up, the American Bill of Right was passed. The most significant parts of the Bill of Rights are still part of the NZ Bill or Rights, which is still in force in NZ today. Equity Refers to the separate evolution of the Equity Courts. During the reign of Edward I, he formed three great courts; 1. The King’s Bench 2. The Court of Common Pleas 3. The Exchequer The Exchequer court was a governmental office split into the Exchequer(fiscal) and the Chancery (secretarial). Along with administering writs, the Chancery had to â€Å"reflect a reserve of justice in the King† by trying to incorporate fairness into the legal system. Equity worked by allowed a person to succeed against an individual for a moral or religious wrong, even if that same person was legally in the right. The Chancellor initially administered justice to people who came to him under the Maxims of Equity – he who comes with equity must come with clean hands. Equity worked (examples of son taking money and neighbors tree) by the Chancellor deciding what was right in the eyes of the church and the eyes of clarity. Over time, Equity as a means of obtaining justice became popular enough for the Courts of Equity to be established. In 1616, King James I, ruled that equity was to take precedent over common law, allowing the King to exert some control over his supposedly separated judges. This system was very flexible as to how the law was applied to different situations. The point of equity was that each individual case was to be decided on the points of that case alone so the most just outcome could be reached. Thus it became clear that the Court of Equity was not bound by precedent, giving rise to the aphorism â€Å"equity varies as the length of the chancellor’s foot†.

Free Affirmative Action Essays - Im White, Angry, and Against Affirmative Action :: affirmative action argumentative persuasive

I'm White, Angry, and Against Affirmative Action      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Papers are piling up on top of a desk.   People are running around trying to meet their deadlines.   Assignments are being pushed back to later dates.   Phones are being answered, but put on hold for the next available representatives.   The president of the firm puts out a notice of hire.   The word is spread throughout the business community through the newspaper and the internet.   Resumes are received every business day.   The board members of the firm review hundreds of resumes that are received daily.   They rate the applications according to qualifications and experiences.   The names are disregarded at this point.   A dozen of the applicants are chosen, and notified to setup initial interviews.   One applicant meets all the qualifications, and has had numerous experiences in the field.   This applicant clearly surpasses all the other applicants.   The commitee is very impressed by this young man.   He heads home in delight, hoping to hear from the marketing firm again.   Unfortunately, he never hears from   them again.   The main reason why   he was not chosen, was because of the color of his skin.   Since he is Asian, they could not hire him, because 50% of their employees are Asian.   Under the affirmative action, they must employ someone who is underrepresented.   This type of situation happens often.   It is not the qualifications, but the color of the skin that employers look for today.   Affirmative action is a step backwards.   We are back to color and race differences.   We are all Americans and should be treated as so, not what ethnicity we are.   Affirmative action should be abolished solely because we do not want to make the same mistake our society made in the past --- discriminate according to color.   Two wrongs do not make a right.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Many people say that we should keep affirmative action to render fairness to the minorities because of the wrongs that was once put on to them.   This simply does not make sense.   To compensate someone, a person must have gone through an experience.   People today did not go through such discrimination, as their past ancestors.   How can we punish someone for what they had no control?   Our white society today did not commit the

A Brief Look at the Quality of a Translation Essay

Abstract The article is an evaluative work on a translation of Faulkner’s Sanctuary by Farhad Qebraii. To do so the standard norms are got from Blum Kulka’s article â€Å"shifts of cohesion and coherence in translation† and the level of accepted changes through the translation is considered. The translation by Qebraii is accepted as a qualified one based on the factors analyzed through the paper. Introduction Through the process of translation some changes occur within the form (Surface Structure) and the meaning components (Deep Structure) of the source text. These changes are considered to be inevitable in translation. Due to the differences in the grammatical structures and linguistic features of languages there seem a logical reason for such a phenomenon . In 1986, Shoshana Blum-Kulka in her article ‘Shifts of cohesion and coherence in translation’ went through the changes (shifts as she calls) in translation. She made a comparison between the structure of the source and that of the target language and elaborated on the logical shifts that may occur through the process of translation. Here, the aim of the evaluation is to assess the quality of the translated version of the work ‘Sanctuary’ by William Faulkner. To do so, the structural features of both English and Persian language (as SL&TL) should be investigated and based on that and the concept of Blum-Kulka’s article assess the quality of translation. According to what Blum-Kulka says in her article, the negotiation of meaning between different parts of a text is based on the assumption that subsequent turns are related to each other in Coherent ways. This is the covert relationship between the parts, but there is another unity, visible in the surface structure of the text, which is called Cohesion. These two elements change through the translation process to naturalize the target text. But sometimes the high level of changes brings about some mismatches between TT and ST which lower the quality of translation. The overall purpose of this paper would be detecting these aspects from BlumKulka’s view point. Whether the translation is qualified or not is somehow a subjective matter just because of the unique elements belonging to translation. From the very beginning, there have been conflicts among those who regard translation as a work of art and those with scientific approaches. There have been too many translations with high level of acceptability and, when checked, no signs of newly arrived norms for translation. These all indicate that in this field there seem not to exist a categorical law and what is taken as a qualified translation in artistic viewpoint may lack the quality of a good work in scientific scope. Methodology To evaluate the quality, there would be one by one comparison between the meaningful units of both ST and TT of the work. These all would be done with regard to linguistic features of both English and Persian. To do so, in discussion section of the paper there would be a brief explanation about the linguistic features ( specially grammatical points) of both languages to clarify some necessary points. To a further study and in a more precise way there would be several exemplifications and for each enough supporting ideas based on Blum-Kulka’s article. Finally, the conducted work would lead to an eventual conclusion to show the quality of the work based on the factors mentioned within the paper. Discussion Over a long period of time there have been too many discussions on the notion of translation. Whether it is an art or a science, or maybe a mixture of both has been the fundamental issue of majority of the cases. If the literature is reviewed, there seem to be no clear criterion to clarify the notion of translation. Here, I want to offer my own understanding of the matter. To the best of my knowledge due to the fact that when translating we deal with several subjects such as culture, history, scientific issues, linguistic features of languages, and semantic structures of both ST and TT, the translator should have general knowledge of both source and target language. This means that for sure translation is partly a science because the translator is supposed to have a complete knowledge of both languages. But there is a significant point here which deals with artistic aspect of the matter. Imagine there is a peace of poem or other sort of literary text which is to be translated. Here the translator is expected to consider both semantic and syntactic structures of the source text along with the unwritten sense and emotions of the poem which are to be instilled by the other elements in the structure of the work. If the translator loses the artistic sense of the work through the process of translation the final work would be regarded as an ordinary and not highly qualified work because no special attention has been paid to the extra linguistic features of the work. So to evaluate the translated work of a text some fundamental cornerstones should be regarded. First the translator must determine the text. By this he can choose the correct translation method regarding the text structural features. Then and with respect to the method the translator starts the work. Now the final work must observe some necessary cornerstones of a qualified translation if the steps and the notions are regarded. In this article the main purpose is to look at the translating elements of the work Sanctuary by William Faulkner with respect to Blum Kulka’s article and assess the quality of the translation. To do so first there is a brief look at the structural traits of both Persian and English as two ends of the work and then find some examples from the texts to clarify the notion. At the next step the level of the correctness is evaluated based on Blum Kulka’s article about cohesion and coherence. Finally the work is evaluated according to the factors mentioned through the paper. In English it is usual to find wide variety of complex sentences with highly descriptive adjectives within different sorts of texts, and specially novels. This is while in Persian due to grammatical structure of the sentences there seem not to be such a case and, except for some high literary texts, in majority of the cases there occur more clearly written sentences in a simple form. This significant difference brings about some mismatches through the process of translation. More often than not Persian translators try to break the complex structures of the long English sentences into more concise and highly clear sentences in their translation. In the work Sanctuary William Faulkner does not use complex sentences and transfers the intentioned sense by some crystal clear sentences but when checked we can get that Qebraii, the translator, has professionally transferred the original sense by making the most approximate sentence structures which are really like the source ones. Some examples are made here: 1. His face had a queer, bloodless color, as though seen by electric light; against the sunny silence, in his slanted straw hat and his slightly akimbo arms, he had that vicious depthless quality of stamped tin. ? . ? . In this part of the translation we can clearly find out that the translator has tried his best not to miss the original surface structure of the sentence by following the form of the English version in Persian structure. He has done this in a very precise and accurate way and there seem to be only a nuance of difference in the translation version of the work. But it seems that Mr Qebraii has devoted the sense for the surface structure of the work where he misses some pieces of messages in his translations. Look at the part â€Å"His face had a queer, bloodless color†¦Ã¢â‚¬  here the translator keeps the original structure remained in the translation but the sense is not transferred thoroughly. Bloodless is translated as â€Å"? † which seems not to be an accurate equivalence. It was better to use more artistic phrase instead of this emotionless correspondence. Here Mr Qebraii has paid too much attention to the structure rather than the message and the sense. Or â€Å"sunny silence â€Å" is rendered as â€Å"? † the same story happens here. 2. The other man’s coat was still across his ar. He lifted his other hand toward the coat, out of one pocket of which protruded a crushed felt hat, from the other a book. ? . . ? The grammatical structure of the source text is remained untouched through the process of translation. We have the most approximate structure in the translated version along with clear understanding of the sentence in which there is the same message as the original. This indicates that the translator has been successful in transferring both the structure and the sense of the source text. At the last part of the sentence we see the phrase â€Å"a book† which appropriately is transferred into Persian with the exact surface structure and sense and also the form of the sentence is kept untouched. In above mentioned examples we can draw the conclusion that with regard to the structural differences between Persian and English and the form of the sentences in these two languages the translator has been so successful in keeping the form of the sentences identical in both versions, the original and the Persian translation of the work. Now we refer to Blum Kulka’s article. According to what she suggests in her article, in a text there are two significant notions; cohesion and coherence by name. Cohesion is an overt relationship holding between parts of the text, expressed by language specific markers. Coherence, on the other hand, means a covert potential meaning relationship among parts of a text, made overt by listener or reader through the process of interpretation. On the both levels there exist differences between the languages. When a text is translated from one language into another the level of text coherence or cohesion is changed based on the structural features of the target language. These changes are considered to be logical to some extent. But if the level of shifts are too much the translation would be classified as an under  standard translation and the quality would be in a low level. Through the following part the shift in Cohesion and the Coherence of the texts will be detected. Coherence: As pointed out by Hallyday and Hasan (1976) cohesion ties do much more than provide continuity and thus create the semantic unity of the text. Particularly in literature, the choice of cohesive markers can serve several functions in the text. Accordingly the translator is supposed to observe the accepted level of shifts through his translation which is due to language differences. To some extent the shifts in cohesion is acceptable but if the changes are too much the translation would be of low quality. In this point of the paper we want to take a look at the coherence of the sentences of the work Sanctuary and that of its translation â€Å"? † by Farhad Qebraii. As mentioned earlier, coherence is not a clear notion and does not have a visible marker in the text. Any audience or reader will get the semantic relationship between the text components through some sorts of interpretations. We all know that any component in the text has a relationship with the other components and they all get together to transfer a unified message. Now if the subcategorized elements in the texts are changed due to translation process there may emerge a mismatch between the source and the target text. These changes may occur due to cultural, historic, or lingual differences in languages. In sanctuary there seem to be no cultural factors which cannot be translated into Persian and Qebraii has transferred somehow the all message completely into Persian. So we can say that this translation is highly qualified from the coherence point of view. Cohesion: On the level of cohesion, shifts will occur through the translation in a way that the translation seems to be more explicit than the original work and this is common in almost all the cases. But for a translation to be of high level of quality the translator should try his best to keep the unwritten messages and covert factors untouched and do not use too much terminology to express the meaning explicitly. In the work Sanctuary the author has made concise sentences to bring about succinctness and beauty in his text. We see that the translator has kept this factor remained in the target text. As an example, Qebraii has translated the part â€Å"The other man stopped his hand. †it’s a book† to â€Å"?. ) . ( Here we see that Qebraii has not made the translation more explicit rather he has shorten the length of the Persian sentence with regard to the message not be lost through the translation process. Of course in the above example there is a shift in the form of the sentence from active to passive which has exacerbate the quality of the translation because the meaning is not transferred appropriately. But altogether the sentences are formed in a way that they are similar to the original one. The crux of the matter is that no one can certainly put the label of good or bad translation to any work and it goes without saying that evaluation of translations is a subjective act. But based on the detections it seems that most of the translation criteria are observed in this case and farhad Qebraii has kept the structure and the message along with each other almost through the whole part of the work. Thus his work is ranked among the highly qualified translations even if there are some translation mismatches in his translation. Implications and Applications The crux of the matter is that, no progression is made when no evaluative research is conducted. Any developed phenomenon has its progressive background through which there has occurred variety of investigations. When checked and have a spectrum of works under control through the time, the deficiencies will be singled out and reformed. No one can claim that his work has been in its recent high position from the very beginning. Hence, there is a none written role of thumb necessitating us to discuss any work and come up with constructive comments on it . To cover what is said the translation of the ‘Sanctuary’ will be worked on and any weak and strong point will be mentioned through the main paper. It is hoped that such an assessment would influence the translators and make them try their best to create highly acceptable works and we see a developmental process in this field. References Khazaeefar, A. (1388). A textbook of literary Translation. Tehran: Samt Publication Newmark, P. (1988). A Textbook of Translation. Prentice Hall Blum-Kulka, Sh. Shifts of Cohesion and Coherence in Translation.

Classroom Analysis Essay

1. Why is a schoolroom a illumination of a greater society? A schoolroom is a illumination of a greater society because it is where all basic and formal acquisition begins ; where all the proper and acquisition of cognition takes topographic point. It is a portion of the society that engages in advancing and fixing scholars for more and broader undertaking. function and duty. The instructor or professor plays the function of the leader/monarch. while the pupils are the citizens. The citizens are supposed to follow the regulations and Torahs of the society ( category ) that the leaders ( instructors ) set. In every schoolroom. there are different sorts of people: Those who work hard. those who play hard. those who do both. those who do neither. In society. you besides acquire these sorts of people. There will besides likely be small coteries. in this instance. representative of little groups in society. Then there are the high category. those who fly past everything without enlistments. the in-between category who get by. and the lower categor y who are truly fighting to maintain up with the coursework. The instructor may offer remedial Sessionss. which can be compared to any public assistance packages that the authorities decides to manus out. 2. What are found in the schoolrooms that are similar to what can be observed in society? It can establish at that place the leader that serves as the instructor and the people serves as the pupils. All they do are similar with what can we see in the society. The instructor led the pupils to cognize about a certain thing that builds them to go a better person ; the same within a society a president. city manager. or a Brgy. Chairman leads its people to construct a harmonious relationship among others. The Discussion and interaction among the scholars and the instructors in advancing cognition ; integrity. cooperation and creativity in carry throughing given undertaking and duties ; holding a harmonious relationship on each and every member of the category and the installations and equipment for larning and development.

War of the First Coalition in 1790s France

War of the First Coalition in 1790s France The French Revolution led to much of Europe going to war in the mid-1790s. Some belligerents wanted to put Louis XVI back on a throne, many had other agendas like gaining territory or, in the case of some in France, creating a French Republic. A coalition of European powers formed to fight France, but this ‘First Coalition’ was just one of seven which would be needed to bring peace to the majority of Europe. The early phase of that mammoth conflict, the war of the First Coalition, is also known as the French Revolutionary Wars, and they are often overlooked by the arrival of a certain Napoleon Bonaparte, who transformed them into his conflict. The Start of the French Revolutionary Wars By 1791 the French Revolution had transformed France and worked to tear down the powers of the old, nationally absolutist, regime. King Louis XVI was reduced to a form of house arrest. Part of his court hoped that a foreign, royalist army would march into France and restore the king, who had asked for help from abroad. But for many months the other states of Europe refused to help. Austria, Prussia, Russia and the Ottoman Empires had been involved in a series of power struggles in Eastern Europe and had been less worried about the French king than their own jostling for positions until Poland, stuck in the middle, followed France by declaring a new constitution. Austria now tried to form an alliance that would threaten France into submission and stops the eastern rivals from fighting. France and the revolution had thus been sheltered while it progressed but became a useful distraction with land which could be taken. On August 2nd, 1791 the King of Prussia and the Holy Roman Emperor seemed to declare an interest in war when they issued the Declaration of Pillnitz. However, Pillnitz was designed to frighten the French revolutionaries and support the French who supported the king, not start a war. Indeed, the text of the declaration was worded to make war, in theory, impossible. But the emigres, agitating for war, and the revolutionaries, who were both paranoid, took it the wrong way. An official Austro-Prussian alliance was only concluded in February 1792. The other Great Powers were now looking at French hungrily, but this did not automatically mean war. However the emigres - people who had fled France - were promising to return with foreign armies to restore the king, and while Austria turned them down, German princes humored them, upsetting the French and provoking a call for action. There were forces in France (the Girondins or Brissotins) who wanted to take pre-emptive action, hoping that war would enable them to oust the king and declare a republic: the king’s failure to surrender to constitutional monarchy left the door open for him to be replaced. Some monarchists supported the call for war in the hope foreign armies would march in and restore their king. (One opponent of the war was called Robespierre.) On April 20th France’s National Assembly declared war on Austria after the Emperor helpfully tried another careful threat. The result was Europe reacting and the formation of the First Coalition, which was first between Austria and Prussia but was then joined by Britain and Spain. It would take seven coalitions to permanently end the wars now started. The First Coalition was aimed less at ending the revolution and more on gaining territory, and the French less as exporting revolution than getting a republic. The Fall of the King The revolution had wrought havoc on the French forces, as many of the officers had fled the country. The French force was thus an amalgam of the remaining royal army, the patriotic rush of new men, and conscripts. When the Army of the North clashed with the Austrians at Lille they were easily defeated and it cost the French a commander, as Rochambeau quit in protest at the problems he faced. He fared better than General Dillon, who was lynched by his own men. Rochambeau was replaced by the French hero of the American Revolutionary War, Lafayette, but as violence erupted in Paris, he debated whether to march on it and install a new order and when the army wasn’t keen he fled to Austria. France organized four armies to form a defensive cordon. By mid-August, the main coalition army was invading mainland France. Led by Prussia’s Duke of Brunswick it had 80,000 men drawn from central Europe, it took fortresses such as Verdun and closed on Paris. The Army of the Centre seemed like little opposition, and there was a terror in Paris. This was largely due to the fear the Prussian army would flatten Paris and slaughter the residents, a fear caused largely by Brunswick’s promise to do just that if the king or his family were harmed or insulted. Unfortunately, Paris had done exactly that: the crowd had killed their way to the king and taken him prisoner and now feared retribution. Massive paranoia and a fear of traitors also fuelled the panic. It caused a massacre in the prisons and over a thousand dead. The Army of the North, now under Dumouriez had been focusing on Belgium, but marched down to aid the Centre and defend the Argonne; they were pushed back. The Prussian king (also present) gave orders and entered into a battle with the French at Valmy on September 20th, 1792. The French won, Brunswick being unable to commit his army against a larger and well defended French position and so fell back. A determined French effort might have shattered Brunswick, but none came; even so, he withdrew, and the hopes of the French monarchy went with him. A republic was established, in large part due to the war. The rest of the year saw a mixture of French successes and failures, but the revolutionary armies took Nice, Savoy, the Rhineland and in October, under Demouriez, Brussels, and Antwerp after swamping the Austrians at Jemappes. However, Valmy was the victory that would inspire French resolve over the next years. The coalition had moved half-heartedly, and the French had survived. This success left the government to hurriedly come up with some war aims: the so-called ‘Natural Frontiers’ and the idea of freeing oppressed peoples were adopted. This caused further alarm in the international world. 1793 France began 1793 in a belligerent mood, executing their old king and declaring war on Britain, Spain, Russia, the Holy Roman Empire, most of Italy and The United Provinces, despite roughly 75% of their commissioned officers having left the army. The influx of tens of thousands of passionate volunteers helped strengthen the remains of the royal army. However, the Holy Roman Empire decided to go on the offensive and France was now outnumbered; conscription followed, and areas of France rebelled as a result. Prince Frederick of Saxe-Coburg led the Austrians and Dumouriez rushed down from the Austrian Netherlands to fight but was defeated. Dumouriez knew he’d be accused of treason and had had enough, so he asked his army to march on Paris and when they refused fled to the coalition. The next General up - Dampierre - was killed in battle and the next - Custine - was defeated by the enemy and guillotined by the French. All along the borders coalition forces were closing in - f rom Spain, through the Rhineland. The British managed to occupy Toulon when it rebelled, seizing the Mediterranean fleet. France’s government now declared a ‘Levà ©e en Masse’, which basically mobilized/conscripted all adult males for the defense of the nation. There was uproar, rebellion and a flood of manpower, but both the Committee of Public Safety and the France they ruled had the resources to equip this army, the organization to run it, new tactics to make it effective, and it worked. It also started the first Total War and began the Terror. Now France had 500,000 soldiers in four main forces. Carnot, the Committee of Public Safety man behind the reforms was called the ‘organiser of Victory’ for his success, and he may have prioritized an attack in the north. Houchard was now commanding the Army of the North, and he used a mixture of old regime professionalism with sheer weight of conscript numbers, together with coalition mistakes which divided their forces and gave inadequate support, to force the coalition back, but he also fell to French guillotines after accusations doubting his effort: he was accused of not follow up victory quick enough. Jourdan was the next man up. He relieved the siege of Maubeuge and won the battle of Wattignies in October 1793, while Toulon was liberated thanks, in part, to an artillery officer called Napoleon Bonaparte. The rebel army in the Vendà ©e was broken, and the frontiers generally forced back east. By the end of the year the provinces were broken, Flanders cleared, France expanding, and Alsace liberated. The French army was proving fast, flexible, well supported and able to absorb more losses than the enemy, and could thus fight more often. 1794 In 1794 France reorganized armies and moved commanders about, but the successes kept coming. Victories at Tourcoing, Tournai, and Hooglede occurred before Jourdan once more took control, and the French were finally able to successfully cross the Sambre after many attempts, beating Austria at Fleurus, and by the end of June had thrown the allies out of Belgium and the Dutch Republic, taking Antwerp and Brussels. Centuries of Austrian involved in the region had been halted. Spanish forces were repelled and parts of Catalonia taken, the Rhineland was also taken, and the borders of France were now safe; parts of Genoa were now also French. The French soldiers were constantly boosted by patriotic propaganda and a huge number of texts sent out to them. France was still producing more soldiers and more equipment than its rivals, but they also executed 67 generals that year. However, the revolutionary government didn’t dare disband the armies and let these soldiers flood back into France to destabilize the nation, and neither could the faltering French finances support the armies on French soil. The solution was to carry the war abroad, ostensibly to safeguard the revolution, but also to get the glory and booty the government needed for support: the motives behind the French actions had already changed before Napoleon arrived. However, the success in 1794 had been partly due to war breaking out again in the east, as Austria, Prussia, and Russia sliced up a Poland fighting to survive; it lost and was taken off the map. Poland had in many ways helped France by distracting and dividing the coalition, and Prussia scaled -down war efforts in the west, happy with gains in the east. Meanwhile, Britain was sucking up French colonies, the French navy is unable to work at sea with a devastated officer corps. 1795 France was now able to capture more of the northwest coastline, and conquered and changed Holland into the new Batavian Republic (and took its fleet). Prussia, satisfied with Polish land, gave up and came to terms, as did a number of other nations, until only Austria and Britain remained at war with France. Landings designed to aid French rebels - such as at Quiberon - failed, and Jourdan’s attempts to invade Germany were frustrated, in no small part to a French commander following others and fleeing to the Austrians. At the end of the year, the government in France changed to the Directory and a new constitution. This government gave the executive - Five Directors - too little power over war, and they had to manage a legislature which continually preached spreading the revolution by force. While the Directors were, in many ways, keen on the war, their options were limited, and their control over their generals questionable. They planned a two front campaign: attack Britai n through Ireland, and Austria on land. A storm stopped the former, while the Franco-Austrian war in Germany went back and forth. 1796 The French forces were now split largely between operations in Italy and Germany, all aimed at Austria, the only major enemy left on the mainland. The Directory hoped Italy would provide plunder and land to be exchanged for territory in Germany, where Jourdan and Moreau (who both had priority) were fighting a new enemy commander: Archduke Charles of Austria; he had 90,000 men. The French force was disadvantaged as they lacked cash and supplies, and the target region had suffered several years of depredation by the armies. Jourdan and Moreau advanced into Germany, at which point Charles tried to force them apart before the Austrians united and attacked. Charles managed to defeat Jourdan first at Amberg in late August and again at Wà ¼rzberg in early September, and the French agreed an armistice having been pushed back to the Rhone. Moreau decided to follow suit. Charles’ campaign was marked by sending his surgeon over to assist a famed and injured French General. In Italy, Napoleon Bonaparte was given the command. He stormed through the region, winning battle after battle against armies who divided their forces. 1797 Napoleon secured control of northern Italy and fought his way close enough to Austria’s capital of Vienna to make them come to terms. Meanwhile, in Germany, without Archduke Charles - who had been sent to face Napoleon - the Austrians were pushed back by French forces before Napoleon had forced the peace in the south. Napoleon dictated the peace himself, and the Treaty of Campo Formio expanded the boundaries of France (they kept Belgium) and created new states (Lombardy joined the new Cisalpine Republic) and left the Rhineland for a conference to decide. Napoleon was now the most famous general in Europe. The only major French setback was a naval battle at Cape St. Vincent, where one Captain Horatio Nelson assisted a British victory over French and allied ships, which were notionally readying for an invasion of Britain. With Russia far away and pleading financial weakness, only Britain remained both at war and close to France.

Concerning as an Adjective

Concerning as an Adjective Concerning as an Adjective Concerning as an Adjective By Maeve Maddox If hearing the word concerning used as an adjective to mean â€Å"causing anxiety† gives you a chalkboard moment, you may as well get used to it. The usage has yet to make its way into all the dictionaries, but it has hit the mainstream and it won’t be turned back. For about 200 years, concerning has been functioning quite happily as a preposition to mean any of the following: regarding relating to with reference to referring to with regard to as regards with respect to respecting dealing with on the subject of in connection with re apropos of Supporters of the adjectival use of concerning point to the definition in the OED: â€Å"that gives cause for anxiety or distress.† The one citation given for this usage is from Pamela (1740), the overwrought epistolary novel by Samuel Richardson. Pamela is a virtuous young maidservant resisting the overtures of her employer. Here is the passage in which concerning means â€Å"anxiety-producing.† The words not in quotations belong to Pamela’s narration: â€Å"Well,† said he, â€Å"if you won’t eat with me, drink at least with me.† I drank two glasses by his over-persuasions, and said, â€Å"I am really ashamed of myself.† â€Å"Why, indeed,† said he, â€Å"my dear girl, I am not a very dreadful enemy, I hope! I cannot bear any thing that is the least concerning to you.† Elsewhere, Richardson uses concerning conventionally, as a preposition: â€Å"Mrs. Jewkes has directions concerning you.† I hope, whatever be your honour’s intention concerning her, you will not be long about it. Have mercy on me, and hear me, concerning that wicked woman’s usage of me. To perform a Google Ngram search, I used the phrase â€Å"very concerning† to get an idea of the adjectival use of concerning. The phrase is effectively flat-lined in American English until 1972; it begins to take off in the late 1980s. My guess is that political writers and other media manipulators rediscovered adjectival concerning as a useful euphemism for words that might frighten voters or consumers. Compare: Increased juvenile drug use is disturbing. Increased juvenile drug use is concerning. The possibility of more terroristic attacks is a cause for concern. The possibility of terroristic attacks is concerning. The rise in global temperatures is troubling. The rise in global temperatures is concerning. It seems to me that concerning has the effect of distancing a perceived threat by making it seem to be a matter to be watched, but perhaps not one to get too excited about for the present. Whatever the reasons for the current popularity of concerning as an adjective to describe anything that causes concern, it has certainly caught on in American speech. If you find yourself looking for an alternative, here’s a list of possibilities: alarming bothersome disquieting distressing disturbing nerve-racking perturbing scary troubling unsettling upsetting worrisome worrying Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How to Format a US Business LetterFive Spelling Rules for "Silent Final E"How to Send Tactful Emails from a Technical Support Desk

Bankruptcy of Enron Corp Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Bankruptcy of Enron Corp - Essay Example Center of discussion in this paper is Enron Corp. that filed the biggest case of bankruptcy in U.S history in December 2001 because of various unethical issues. Enron Corporation had taken pride in and strongly believed that that its personnel would take care of the rising risk without any consequences. The culture encouraged greed and centered on the amount of money that could be made for directors. For instance, Enron's compensation system appeared to be less apprehensive of generating income for its shareholders than with enriching the wealth of the company. The corporate culture at Enron reportedly promoted exploitation. The collapse of the company has shocked the entire financial world and raised many serious questions concerning the subject of corporate governance. The Enron Corporation bankruptcy is becoming the most well-known and extremely publicized bankruptcy case in the history of financing. Several unethical issues have contributed to Enron’s bankruptcy. These inc lude: Bad Communication-: The stock analysts at Enron were frequently vague and failed to specify their finances and operation cost. Enron also lied to the various stakeholders, and their financial statements concealed the various significant losses to their Stockholders and failed in delivering the bad news. Improper Accounting: One of the primary reasons for Enron’s bankruptcy was the company’s reprehensible accounting system. Enron used dishonest accounting measures to generate their incomes. Even though these systems produced more flattering financial image of the company, external observers believed they may represent deceitful financial reporting since they did not precisely portray the true financial condition at the company (Avey et al., 2011). For instance, Enron created the special-purpose entities (SPEs) to change the assets and debt in its balance sheet and raise cash flow by indicating any sale of assets through its books (Ferrell et al., 419). Hiding the losses and inflating profits: Enron Corporation has a cash flow of negative amount $154 millions, but the company claimed of 3 million in its cash flow Misleading the financial reports-: The company filed for bankruptcy after disclosing that it used (SPEs), Special Purpose Entities, which concealed losses. The company used SPEs to take out debts and assets from its balance sheet so as to enable it to amplify its Cash Flow. The improper business and accounting procedures promoted greediness, which caused more than 5000 Enron workers to lose their occupation due to the greed of the company’s executive.Enron's Vice president, Sherron Watkins constantly sent reports out to the then Chairman detailing the poor accounting procedures. The major issue was that the company got its internal audit function from outside. Enron outsourced its internal and external auditing function to Arthur Andersen (Ferrell et al., 419). 2. Did Enron's bankers, auditors, and attorneys contribute to Enro n's demise? If so, what was their contribution? Enron's demise was caused by its bankers, auditor and attorneys. Enron's bankers: the bankers recognized that there was a problem with Enron finances but failed to take appropriate action. JPMorgan Chase and Citibank previously knew of the tax regulations and had the opportunity of obtaining sources for audited accounts. These banks still gave huge amounts of money in loans to the Enron (Ferrell et al., 419). Enron's auditor: Enron auditors were aware in mid August of improprieties in the energy company's accounting practices from the concerns of a senior Enron employee. Arthur Andersen was liable for making sure that the financial statements and internal bookkeeping is accurate. Potential investors used Anderson's reports to judge the company’s financial security and future potential before choosing whether on not to invest. This information was also used by current investors to decide whether their funds should remain invested in the company. The